Ukujongwa ngokweNgcaciso kwiZibuko ezi-5 eziPhezulu zase-US

Amazibuko amakhulu ziindawo ezinkulu eziselunxwemeni apho iinqanawa ziza zihamba, zithwele iimpahla ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye. Baphatha zonke iintlobo zezinto, eziquka izinto zokudlala, iimpahla, izinto zombane, ukutya kunye nepetroli.

La mazibuko aneendawo ezikhethekileyo zokothula kunye nokugcina izitya, iikhreyini zokuphakamisa izinto ezinzima, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha neendawo zokugcina izinto ezibandayo, njengeziqhamo kunye nemifuno. Kwakhona banamanzi anzulu ukuze kungene iinqanawa ezinkulu kakhulu.

Ukusuka kwiikhompleksi ezithe saa eTexas ukuya kumanzi aguqukayo aseNew York kunye namazibuko eCalifornia, amazibuko amakhulu ase-US asebenza njengamasango adibanisa i-United States ukuya kunxweme olukude kwihlabathi jikelele. Kule bhlog, siza kujonga ngakumbi amazibuko amahlanu aphezulu ase-US (zibekwe ngokwetoni zizonke):

1. I-Houston Port Authority, eTexas
2. IPort yaseMzantsi Louisiana, eLouisiana.
3. ICorpus Christi Port, eTexas
4. Izibuko laseNew York, NY & NJ
5. IPort Beach yaseLong, eCalifornia

Qhubeka ufunda ukuze ujonge amaziko anomtsalane kunye neempawu eziphambili ezinceda la mazibuko makhulu ukuphatha intaphane yempahla imini nemini!

Isiqulatho
1. I-Houston Port Authority, eTexas
2. EMzantsi Louisiana Port, eLouisiana
3. Corpus Christi Port, Texas
4. Izibuko laseNew York, NY & NJ
5. Long Beach Port, California
6. Amazibuko amakhulu ase-US ngamasango orhwebo kwiimarike zehlabathi

1. I-Houston Port Authority, eTexas

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Laziwa nje ngokuba liZibuko laseHouston, eli zibuko limangalisayo libubungqina bophuhliso lwembali noqoqosho lwalo mmandla. Isekwe kwinkulungwane eyadlulayo, iye yakhula yaba lelinye lawona mazibuko axakekileyo eUnited States, idlala indima ebalulekileyo kurhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe nakuqoqosho lwasekuhlaleni.

Izibuko laseHouston lavulwa ngokusesikweni kwitrafikhi yamanzi anzulu ngo-1914 kulandela iinzame zokuyila i-Houston Ship Channel. Olu phuhliso lunxibelelene ngobuchule izibuko elixakekileyo kunye neGulf of Mexico, libeka isiseko sekamva lalo njengendawo yokusebenzela kurhwebo lwaselwandle lwase-US.

Iimpawu kunye nezixhobo eziphambili

Ukuhamba kumgama oziikhilomitha ezingama-52 phakathi kwelizwe ukusuka kwiGulf of Mexico, i-Houston Ship Channel ineetheminali ezimalunga nama-200 zikawonke-wonke nezibucala. Ezi zibonelelo zibonisa umda omkhulu kunye nekhono lezibuko, exhasa uluhlu olubanzi lwemisebenzi yaselwandle.

Uqhagamshelwano luphawu oluphambili lwePort of Houston. Idityaniswe kakuhle kwiindlela ezininzi ezinkulu, kuquka iindlela zeNational Highway System I-10, I-45, US Route 69, I-610, kunye ne-US-90, iququzelela uthutho lwasemhlabeni olugudileyo.

Ukongeza, iqhayisa ngonxibelelwano oluthe ngqo kuthungelwano lukaloliwe olukhulu olulawulwa yi-Union Pacific Railroad kunye nePort Terminal Railroad Association, iqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa okusebenzayo kunye nokuqokelelwa kwempahla.

Ngokwezibonelelo, iPort of Houston ibandakanya iitheminali zoluntu ezisibhozo kunye nezikhululo zabucala ezingaphezu kwe-100. Ezi zijongana neentlobo ngeentlobo zemithwalo, ukusuka kwisambuku kunye nebreak bulk ukuya kwiprojekthi kunye ne-roll-on/roll-off cargos.

Izibuko kutshanje longeze amandla alo ngeekhreyini ezintathu ezintsha eziziimitha ezingama-158 ubude ukuya elunxwemeni. Ezi zongezelelo zitsha zonyusa ukulayisha kunye nokothula ngokufanelekileyo kwaye zisebenza ngombane ngokupheleleyo, zihambelana nemigangatho yangoku yoxanduva lokusingqongileyo.

Ugqithiso lwempahla kunye neemveliso eziphezulu

Ngowama-2023, iPort of Houston yafikelela kwixabiso elikhulu lokuthwala impahla Iitoni ezili-50,323,264, igxininisa indima yayo ebalulekileyo kwiimarike zehlabathi kunye nezasekhaya. Ukubonisa iyantlukwano yokusebenza kwayo, izibuko liphatha a uluhlu olubanzi lwezinto zorhwebo. Iindidi eziphambili zezi:

1. Ipetroleum ekrwada: Iquka i-17% yomthwalo uwonke;
2. Distillate i-oyile yesibaso: Ukubalwa kwe-12%;
3. I-Hydrocarbon kunye neegesi zepetroli: I-11% yesiphumo;
4. Ipetroli: Imele i-9%;
5. INaphtha kunye nezinyibilikisi: Ukubandakanya i-5%;
6. Bonke abanye: Ukwenza i-45% yemveliso, ingqolowa iyeyona mveliso yokutya ibalaseleyo.

2. EMzantsi Louisiana Port, eLouisiana

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Izibuko laseMzantsi Louisiana sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sorhwebo lwaselwandle hayi e-United States kuphela kodwa nakwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe. Ibekwe ngokucwangcisiweyo phakathi kweBaton Rouge kunye neNew Orleans, imbali etyebileyo yezibuko ilukiweyo kwilaphu lommandla, kunye neengcambu ezibuyela emva kwixesha apho urhwebo ecaleni kweMississippi luchumile ngexesha le-steamboat.

Namhlanje, iPort of South Louisiana luphawu lokuqina koqoqosho lwengingqi kunye nokuzinikela kuhlumo. Ime ngokuzingca njengebhakana yorhwebo eLouisiana, idibanisa ngaphandle komthungo wentliziyo yaseMelika kwihlabathi liphela.

Iimpawu kunye nezixhobo eziphambili

IPort of South Louisiana ithatha iikhilomitha ezingama-54 ngakuMlambo iMississippi. Isikeleleke ngokufikelela okuphambili kwiindlela zothutho ezibalulekileyo, iqhagamshela ngaphandle komthungo kwiindlela zeNational Highway System I-10, I-55, I-310, US-61, kunye ne-US-90, kunye noololiwe abakhulu njengeCanadian National Railway kunye neKansas City Southern Railway Company.

Ngokuqhuba utyalo-mali kwiziseko zalo ezingundoqo, izibuko ngoku likhulisa amandla alo ngokwakha ibhulorho yokufikelela kwidokhi yesibini kwi-Globalplex yePortSL. Isikhululo sikawonke-wonke se-Globalplex Intermodal Terminal sihlalisa isambuku esomileyo—esifana nesamente, iiplanga, nezimbiwa ezikrwada—kwakunye nomthwalo omkhulu wokuqhekeza kunye neekhonteyina, ebonisa ukuziqhelanisa nezibuko kwiimfuno ezahlukeneyo zorhwebo.

Ugqithiso lwempahla kunye neemveliso eziphezulu

Amanani athetha ngokwawo ekunikeni iPort of South Louisiana isihloko somthengisi ohamba phambili othengisa ukutya okuziinkozo e-United States kunye neyesibini ngobukhulu izibuko kwi-Western Hemisphere. Ngo-2023, izibuko laye laphatha ngokumangalisayo 248,130,992 iitoni ezimfutshane yempahla, ebonisa ubungakanani bayo obukhulu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.

Izibuko le iimveliso eziphezulu bonisa ukusebenza kwayo okwahlukeneyo kunye nesicwangciso sobuchule kwikhonkco lonikezelo lwehlabathi. Nazi iintlobo zomthwalo obalaseleyo:

1. Umbona: Nge-25%, iqaqambisa indima ebalulekileyo yezibuko kushishino lwezolimo;
2. Iimbotyi zesoya: Imele i-16%, igxininisa iwonga lezibuko njengendawo yokuthengisa ukutya okuziinkozo kumazwe angaphandle;
3. Distillate i-oyile yesibaso: Ukwenza i-10% yomthwalo wezibuko;
4. Ipetroleum ekrwada: Ibalelwa kwi-5%, ebonisa ukubaluleka kwezibuko kwicandelo lezamandla;
5. Ipetroli: Ifikelela kwi-4%, iququzelela ukusasazwa kwezi mafutha ziyimfuneko;
6. Bonke abanye: Iquka i-40% ye-throughput, ebonisa imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yezibuko.

3. Corpus Christi Port, Texas

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Imiswe kunxweme lweCorpus Christi Bay, iPort of Corpus Christi isebenza njengendawo edlamkileyo nebalulekileyo yemisebenzi yaselwandle kwiGulf of Mexico, emazantsi eSan Antonio, eTexas. Lo mbindi worhwebo nothutho ubuyela emva ekusekweni kwawo, ukhula ngokuqhubekayo kwaye uphuhla ukuze uhlangabezane neemfuno ezikhulayo zamalinge angaphakathi kunye nolwandle.

Lidume ngokuma kwalo ngobuchule, eli zibuko liqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa kwempahla ngaphandle komthungo phakathi kweendlela zamanzi ezithe xhaxhe phakathi kwelizwe kunye nobubanzi beGulf, lidibanisa iimarike zasekhaya kunye neendlela zehlabathi.

Iimpawu kunye nezixhobo eziphambili

Izibuko leCorpus Christi libekwe ngokucwangcisiweyo nokufikelela ngokuthe ngqo kwiipaseji zezothutho ezibalulekileyo ezifana ne-I-37 kunye ne-US-181 kwaye ihanjiswa ngoololiwe abakhulu, kubandakanywa i-Kansas City Southern Railway Company kunye ne-Union Pacific Railroad. Olu nxibelelwano luququzelela ukuthuthwa kwempahla ngokukhawuleza ukuya nokubuya kwizibuko.

Ngaphezu koko, izibuko liqhayisa ngeetheminali ezikhethekileyo kumacala omabini asemantla nasezantsi, axhotyiselwe ukulawula isambuku sekhefu, i-roll-on/roll-off (Ro/Ro), i-heavy-lift, kunye nomthwalo weprojekthi. Ngaphaya koko, isakhono sezibuko sokusingatha imveliso yamandla sibonakaliswa ziidokhi zalo ezininzi zepetroleum zikawonke-wonke, ezisebenza ngokukhethekileyo ekudluliseleni i-oli ekrwada kunye neemveliso zepetroleum ngeenqanawa nezikhephe.

IProjekthi eqhubekayo yoPhuculo lweCorpus Ship Channel (CIP) luphuhliso olubalulekileyo oluphucula amandla okusebenza kwezibuko, olulungele ukugqitywa ekuqaleni kuka-2025. Le projekthi yamabhongo ijolise ekwenzeni nzulu nokwandisa umjelo weenqanawa, ngokwenjenjalo kuhlaliswe iinqanawa ezinkulu kunye nokwandisa umthamo wokuphatha imithwalo yezibuko.

Ugqithiso lwempahla kunye neemveliso eziphezulu

Ngo-2023, iPort of Corpus Christi yabona intshukumo engazange ibonwe ngaphambili I-200 yezigidi zeetoni yomthwalo ngomjelo wayo, iqhutywa ikakhulu kukuthunyelwa kweoli ekrwada kumazwe angaphandle. Lo mthamo bubungqina beziseko ezingundoqo ezomeleleyo zezibuko kunye nendima yalo engundoqo ekuququzeleleni urhwebo lwamandla.

The ukubunjwa kwemithwalo iqaqambisa ubungcali bezibuko kunye nokufaneleka kobuchule kwicandelo lezamandla, oku kulandelayo ibe zezona mveliso ziphezulu:

1. Ipetroleum ekrwada: Ukulawula umxube wempahla kunye nama-62%, okubonisa indima ephambili yezibuko kurhwebo lwangaphandle lwamandla;
2. I-Hydrocarbon kunye neegesi zepetroli: Ukubalwa kwe-10%, kugxininisa igalelo elibalulekileyo lezibuko kurhwebo lwegesi yehlabathi;
3. Distillate i-oyile yesibaso: Ukwenza i-5%, enye imveliso yamandla ebalulekileyo eququzelelwa lizibuko;
4. Ipetroli: Iquka i-4%, iyimfuneko ekuhlangabezaneni nemfuno yamafutha yasekhaya neyamazwe ngamazwe;
5. INaphtha kunye nezinyibilikisi: Iyonke i-3%, ebonisa ukubandakanyeka kwezibuko kumacandelo amachiza kunye nepetrochemical;
6. Bonke abanye: Ibandakanya i-16%, ebonisa uluhlu olwahlukeneyo lwezinye iimpahla kunye neempahla eziphathwayo.

4. Izibuko laseNew York, NY & NJ

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Ukunwenwela kumlomo woMlambo i-Hudson kunye nokuwola zombini i-Upper New York Bay kunye ne-Newark Bay, i-Port of New York kunye ne-New Jersey isebenza njengesango elikhulu lorhwebo lwaselwandle.

Ukusuka kwisiqalo sayo esithobekileyo njengesikhululo esandula ukurhweba ukuya ekubeni lelinye lawona mazibuko makhulu nabalulekileyo ehlabathini, imbali yalo inika umdla. Ibone ukuvela korhwebo lwaselwandle kunye nokunyuka kothungelwano lwezorhwebo lwehlabathi, kwaye idlale indima ephambili ekubumbeni ubume bezoqoqosho baseNew York naseNew Jersey nakwiUnited States iphela.

Iimpawu kunye nezixhobo eziphambili

Izibuko laseNew York naseNew Jersey lidityaniswe ngaphandle komthungo kuthungelwano lwezothutho olubanzi, liqhayisa ngokuqhagamshelwa ngokusondeleyo kwiindlela eziphambili zeNkqubo yeNdlela ePhakamileyo yeSizwe, kuquka i-I-78, I-278, kunye ne-I-478, ecaleni koololiwe abakhulu abafana ne-CSX Transportation kunye neNew York New Jersey Rail.

Eli zibuko lineetheminali ezintandathu zeekhonteyina zikawonke-wonke, ezenza umqolo wemisebenzi yeli zibuko. Ezi theminali zinobuchule bokuphatha iintlobo ezininzi zemithwalo, kuquka i-Ro/Ro (i-roll-on/roll-off), iprojekthi, kunye ne-break-bulk cargo.

Ukongeza, i-25th Street Pier ibalasele njengetheminali ekhethekileyo eyomileyo yoluntu. Iqeshiselwe ngoku kumsebenzisi wabucala, eli ziko libalulekile kulawulo lwemathiriyeli yokwakha efana nesamente, isanti, namatye, ezingundoqo kushishino lolwakhiwo lwale ngingqi.

Uphuhliso olungundoqo ngo-2023 ibe kukusungulwa kweprojekthi yokuPhucula uHola weSitalato sasePort Street. Ijonge ukuyila ngokutsha indawo yokungena yezibuko esemantla ngendlela, le projekthi ithembisa ukwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kolungiselelo.

Le projekthi kulindeleke ukuba iququzelele ukuhamba kwezithuthi okusulungekileyo, inciphise ingxinano, kwaye iphucule ukhuseleko lulonke lwesango elingasentla lezibuko kunye namandla okusebenza ngokwazisa ubumbeko lwendlela olusebenza ngakumbi kunye neradiyasi yokujika ebanzi.

Ugqithiso lwempahla kunye neemveliso eziphezulu

Ngo-2023, izibuko laseNew York kunye neNew Jersey zafikelela kwinqanaba elibalulekileyo ngokuphatha umtsalane 7.8 million TEUs (iiyunithi ezilingana neenyawo ezingamashumi amabini), iqinisekisa indawo yayo njengezibuko lesibini elixakekileyo lesizwe ekuthunyelweni kumazwe angaphandle kunye nokuthunyelwa ngaphandle.

The Iimveliso eziphezulu zezibuko peyinta umfanekiso ocacileyo wesiseko sayo sempahla eyahlukeneyo:

1. Ipetroli: Ubomi bezothutho bubalelwa kwi-17%;
2. Distillate i-oyile yesibaso: I-oyile ye-distillate ye-oyile, ibalulekile ekufudumezeni nasekunikeni amandla koomatshini, ibandakanya i-12% yomthwalo.
3. Ipetroleum ekrwada: Umqolo oluhlaza weemveliso ezingenakubalwa zongeza ukuya kwi-9%;
4. I-oli ye-fuel eseleyo: Iyimfuneko kwiinqanawa kunye namaziko ombane, i-oyile ye-fuel eseleyo imele i-7%;
5. Iimveliso ezenziweyo, NEC: Nge-5%, iimveliso ezenziweyo zigubungela i-gamut yempahla engahlelwanga kwenye indawo;
6. Bonke abanye: I-50% eyongezelelekileyo yemithwalo iwela phantsi kodidi 'Zonke ezinye', nto leyo ebonisa ukuba izibuko lisebenzisa izinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ekuphatheni iimpahla ezininzi.

5. Long Beach Port, California

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Ifumaneka kunxweme lwaseMazantsi eCalifornia, iPort of Long Beach isebenza njengesango elibalulekileyo lorhwebo lwase-US-Asia. Iphawula indawo yayo kwimephu yeendlela ezibalulekileyo zaselwandle, ilele eSan Pedro Bay, idityaniswe ngokusondeleyo nommelwane wayo, iPort of Los Angeles.

Imbali etyebileyo yeZibuko laseLong Beach isusela emva kwinkulungwane, isuka ekusasazweni kweedokhi kunye neepier ekuqaleni koo-1900 ukuya kwelinye lawona mazibuko axakekileyo ehlabathi. Indawo yayo ecwangcisiweyo kunye nophuculo oluqhubekayo lwenze indawo ephambili yorhwebo kunye norhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe.

Iimpawu kunye nezixhobo eziphambili

Izibuko laseLong Beach liqhayisa ngothungelwano oludityanisiweyo lwezothutho, olulidibanisa ngaphandle komthungo kwihlabathi ngaphaya koohola bendlela abakhulu abanje nge-I-110, kunye ne-I-710 kunye noololiwe abahlukeneyo, kubandakanya iPacific Harbour Line, iBNSF Railway, Union Pacific Railroad, kunye neRichmond Pacific Railroad.

Eli zibuko likhaya leetheminali ezingaphezu kwama-20, nganye iyilelwe ukujongana neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zemithwalo ukusuka kubuninzi obomileyo ukuya kwizinto ezifakwe efrijini nayo yonke into ephakathi. Ezi theminali zixhotyiswe ngetekhnoloji ye-cutting-edge ukuqinisekisa ukuphathwa kakuhle nokugcinwa kwempahla.

Nangona kunjalo, mhlawumbi eyona projekthi ibhongo phantsi kwebhanti layo kukwakhiwa kwe I-Pier B kwiZiko leNkxaso kaLoliwe kwi-Dock. Le projekthi ijolise ekuphuculeni ngamandla umthamo wokuphatha imithwalo yezibuko ngokuphinda kabini ubungakanani beyadi ekhoyo kaloliwe iPier B ukuya kwiihektare ezili-171. Sakuba sigqityiwe, eli ziko lilindeleke ukuba lixhase umthamo kaloliwe osedokhini wezibuko, lijongane ne-4.7 yezigidi zee-TEUs (iiyunithi ezilingana neenyawo ezingamashumi amabini) ngonyaka.

Ugqithiso lwempahla kunye neemveliso eziphezulu

Kunyaka wakutsha nje we-2023, iPort of Long Beach iphumelele umsebenzi omangalisayo, ukuphatha 8 million TEUs. Eli nani liqaqambisa indawo yezibuko njengelitye lembombo kurhwebo lweTranspacific. Ngokurhweba nge-USD 200 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ezihamba rhoqo ngonyaka, izibuko lidibanisa amashishini kunye nabathengi kumazwekazi onke.

Iintlobo ngeentlobo zemithwalo edlula kwizibuko inkulu kakhulu, iqaqambisa ukubaluleka kwayo ngokweqhinga kumashishini ahlukeneyo. I izinto eziphambili ziquka:

1. Ipetroleum ekrwada (29%): Imele ama-29%, oku kugxininisa indima ebaluleke kakhulu yeli zibuko ekuphembeleleni amashishini nemizi;
2. Iimveliso ezenziweyo, NEC: Iquka i-11%, oku kubonisa ukuguquguquka kwezibuko ekuphatheni iimpahla ezizodwa;
3. I-coke ekrwada: Ibalulekile kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zemizi-mveliso, i-coke ekrwada ithatha i-5%, ebonisa unxibelelwano oluluqilima lwezibuko kumashishini okubonelela ngemveliso;
4. Oomatshini bombane: Iquka i-4%, ukusuka kwizinto zasekhaya ukuya kwizixhobo zobugcisa obuphezulu, olu didi lubonisa indima ebalulekileyo yezibuko kwimarike yombane;
5. Distillate i-oyile yesibaso: Imele i-3% yempahla ethunyelwayo, oku kugxininisa ngakumbi indawo ebalulekileyo yezibuko kuthungelwano lonikezelo lwamandla ehlabathi;
6. Bonke abanye: Iquka i-46% eneentlobo ngeentlobo zeemveliso. Phakathi kwezi, ukutya kwezilwanyana kugqwesileyo kuluhlu, kubonisa ukubaluleka kwezibuko kwicandelo lezolimo.

Amazibuko amakhulu ase-US ngamasango orhwebo kwiimarike zehlabathi

Kucacile ukuba amazibuko amakhulu ase-US e-Houston, e-South Louisiana, e-Corpus Christi, eNew York, nase-Long Beach angaphezulu nje kwamanqaku kwimephu. Ziinjini ezinamandla eziqhuba uqoqosho lwase-US, ziqhuba ubuninzi bempahla, kunye nokudibanisa iimarike kwiilwandlekazi nakumazwekazi.

Ukuqonda izakhono zezibuko ngalinye kunye nezinto ezikhethekileyo kunokubonelela ngokhuphiswano olubalulekileyo kumashishini. Nokuba yioyile kunye neekhemikhali zepetroli eHouston naseCorpus Christi, iimveliso zezolimo eMazantsi eLouisiana, okanye iimpahla zabathengi ezihamba eNew York naseLong Beach, izibuko ngalinye linamandla alo kunye nempahla ephambili.

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