Imarike yeTunnel Boring Machine (TBM) iyakhula ngo-2025, iqhutywa ziiprojekthi zeziseko ezingundoqo kwihlabathi liphela. Eli nqaku linika uhlalutyo olunzulu lokukhetha umatshini we-TBM ofanelekileyo, ugxininise kuhlobo lomatshini, ukusebenza, kunye neendlela ezizayo. Inika ulwazi oluxabisekileyo kunye nesikhokelo kubathengi abaziingcali ukuba benze izigqibo zokuthenga benolwazi.
Isiqulatho:
– Isishwankathelo seMarike yoShishino loMatshini we-TBM
– Intshayelelo eneenkcukacha kunye noHlalutyo lweMarike yoMatshini we-TBM
– Izinto eziphambili xa ukhetha umatshini we-TBM
–IiNdlela zekamva kwiTekhnoloji ye-TBM
-Ukuqinisekisa ukuhambelana noPhuculo lwexesha elizayo
– Iingcamango zokugqibela
Isishwankathelo seMarike yoShishino loMatshini we-TBM
Imakethi yehlabathi yeeTunnel Boring Machines (TBMs) imiselwe ukuba ikhule kakhulu ngenxa yokunyuka kwemfuno yophuhliso lweziseko ezingundoqo, ukufudukela ezidolophini, kunye neenkqubo ezifanelekileyo zothutho. Ngo-2024, imakethi ye-TBM yayixabisa malunga ne-USD 6.5 yeebhiliyoni kwaye kulindeleke ukuba ikhule kwi-CAGR ye-5.9% ukusuka ngo-2024 ukuya ku-2030, ifikelele kwi-USD 9.2 yezigidigidi ngo-2030.
I-Asiya-Pasifiki yeyona marike inkulu yee-TBM, engaphezulu kwe-45% yesabelo semalike yehlabathi ngo-2024. Oku kongamela kungenxa yeeprojekthi zeziseko ezingundoqo e-China, e-Indiya, nase-Japan. IYurophu ilandela ngotyalo-mali olubalulekileyo kulwakhiwo lwetonela yezothutho kunye neeprojekthi eziluncedo. Imarike yaseMntla Melika nayo iyakhula, iqhutywa luphuculo lweziseko ezingundoqo zasezidolophini kunye neeprojekthi ezintsha zothutho.
Inkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji kuyilo lweTBM kunye nokusebenza kukhuthaza ukukhula kwemarike. Ukuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha ezifana nee-TBM ezixubileyo ezitshintsha phakathi kweendlela ezahlukeneyo ezisekelwe kwiimeko zomhlaba, kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwe-IoT kunye ne-AI yokubeka iliso ngexesha langempela kunye nokugcinwa kwangaphambili, kuphucula ukusebenza kunye nokuthembeka kwaba matshini. Olu phuculo lubalulekile ekuhlangabezaneni nemfuno eyandayo yokuchaneka kunye nesantya ekwakhiweni kwetonela.
Intshayelelo eneenkcukacha kunye noHlahlelo lweMarike yoMatshini weTBM
Oomatshini Bokubhobhoza Itonela (TBMs) babalulekile ekwakhiweni kweetonela ngeemeko ezahlukeneyo zomhlaba, kuquka amatye, isanti kunye nodongwe. Iimpawu eziphambili zentsebenzo yee-TBM ziquka ukusika i-diameter, izinga lokungena, kunye nomthamo we-torque. Ii-TBM zanamhlanje zinokufikelela kwii-diameters zokusika ukusuka kwi-3 ukuya kwi-17 yeemitha, kunye namazinga okungena ukuya kwi-20 yeemitha ngosuku, kuxhomekeke kwiimeko zomhlaba.
Imakethi inokhuphiswano, inabadlali abaphambili abafana noHerrenknecht AG, iRobbins Company, kunye neChina Railway Construction Heavy Industry Corporation (CRCHI) ekhokela ishishini. Ezi nkampani zenza utyalo-mali kakhulu kwi-R&D ukuphuhlisa ii-TBM eziphucukileyo ezibonelela ngobuchule obuphezulu kunye neendleko zokusebenza ezisezantsi. Utyalo-mali lukarhulumente kuphuhliso lweziseko ezingundoqo kunye neeprojekthi zokuhlaliswa kwabantu ezidolophini zizinto ezibalulekileyo eziqhuba uqoqosho kurhwebo.
Indlela yokuziphatha yabathengi itshintshela kwii-TBM eziphucukileyo nezizisebenzelayo ukunciphisa imingcipheko yokusebenza kunye nokomeleza ukhuseleko. Amajelo osasazo e-TBM aquka ukuthengisa ngokuthe ngqo kwiinkampani zokwakha kunye nokuthengwa kweethenda zikarhulumente. Izinto ezintsha ezisandula ukwenziwa ziquka ii-TBM ezineendlela ezimbini, ezisebenza kuzo zombini iindlela ezivulekileyo nezivaliweyo, zibonelela ngokuguquguquka okukhulu kunye nempumelelo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zejoloji.
Umjikelo wobomi bemveliso yee-TBM uphawuleka ngokwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha okuqhubekayo kunye nophuculo. Ngokwenza idijithali kunye neendlela zokuvelisa ngobuchule, ii-TBM zithembeka ngakumbi kwaye zisebenza kakuhle. Iintsingiselo zentlalo, ezinjengogqaliselo kulwakhiwo oluzinzileyo kunye ne-eco-friendly, nazo zinefuthe kwimarike. Amanqaku entlungu yomthengi abandakanya utyalo-mali oluphezulu lokuqala kunye nesidingo sabaqhubi abakhethekileyo. Ukujongana nale miba, abavelisi be-TBM babonelela ngeenkqubo zoqeqesho kunye nenkxaso yasemva kokuthengisa ukunyusa ukusebenza kakuhle nokunciphisa ixesha lokungasebenzi.
Izicwangciso zokubeka uphawu kwimakethi ye-TBM zigxininisa ubuchule obuphambili bobuchwepheshe kunye nokuthembeka. Iindlela zokwahlulahlula zijolise ekuboneleleni ngezisombululo ezilungelelanisiweyo ezilungiselelwe iimfuno ezithile zeprojekthi kunye neemeko zomhlaba. Iimarike ze-Niche kushishino lwe-TBM zibandakanya ii-micro-TBM zetonela ezinobubanzi obuncinci kunye nee-TBM ezikhethekileyo zokwenza itonela ephantsi kwamanzi.
Imiba ephambili xa ukhetha umatshini we-TBM
Uhlobo lomatshini kunye nesicelo
Xa ukhetha iTunnel Boring Machine (TBM), uhlobo lomatshini kunye nokusetyenziswa kwawo kubalulekile. Ii-TBM zidla ngokuhlelwa ngokwee-Earth Pressure Balance Machines (EPB), oomatshini be-Slurry Shield, kunye nee-TBM zeHard Rock. Uhlobo ngalunye lwenzelwe iimeko ezithile zomhlaba kunye neemfuno zeprojekthi. Umzekelo, oomatshini be-EPB bafanele umhlaba othambileyo, obambeneyo kwaye bayakwazi ukumelana nomxube wesanti, intlenga kunye nodongwe. Bagcina uxinzelelo lobuso ukuthintela ukuwa komhlaba kwaye baqhele ukusetyenziswa kwiindawo zasezidolophini apho ulawulo lokuhlaliswa lubalulekile.
Oomatshini beSlurry Shield bafanelekile kumhlaba othambileyo onomxholo ophezulu wamanzi. Aba matshini basebenzisa umxube oludaka ukuxhasa ubuso betonela kunye nokuthutha izinto ezigrunjiweyo. Ii-TBM zeHard Rock ziyilelwe iimeko zamatye ezizinzileyo kwaye zisebenzise izisiki zediskhi ukophula ilitye. Ukhetho phakathi kwezi ntlobo kufuneka lukhokelwe luhlalutyo olunzulu lwe-geotechnical yendawo yeprojekthi.
Ukusebenza kunye nokusebenza
Ukusebenza kunye nokusebenza kubalulekile xa ukhetha i-TBM. Iimetriki ezibalulekileyo zibandakanya isantya sangaphambili somatshini, esiphenjelelwa ngamandla okusika, itorque, kunye nethrust. Amandla aphezulu e-cutterhead avumela i-TBM ukuba igqobhoze ngokufanelekileyo kubume bejoloji enzima, ngelixa i-torque eyaneleyo iqinisekisa ukujikeleza okugudileyo naphantsi kokumelana okuphezulu. Umthamo we-Thrust ubalulekile ekugcineni ukuqhubela phambili kunye nokusingatha uxinzelelo olwenziwa ngumhlaba ojikelezileyo.
Iimpawu zokusebenza ezifana neenkqubo zesikhokelo ezizenzekelayo, ukubeka iliso ngexesha lokwenyani, kunye nesakhono sokuloga kwedatha kuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle. Ezi nkqubo zibonelela ngolwazi olubalulekileyo malunga nokusebenza komatshini, iimeko zomhlaba, kunye nokulungelelaniswa, okwenza abaqhubi benze izigqibo ezinolwazi kunye nokulungelelanisa iiparitha njengoko kufuneka.
Izikhankanyi Technical
Iingcaciso zobugcisa yingqwalasela ebalulekileyo. Ezi ziquka i-diameter yomatshini, ekufuneka ihambelane neemfuno zobungakanani betonela yeprojekthi. Ii-TBM ziza ngokweedayamitha ezahluka-hlukeneyo, ukusuka koomatshini abancinci beetonela eziluncedo ukuya koomatshini abakhulu beetonela zothutho. Ubunzima bomatshini kunye nobukhulu bukwachaphazela uthutho kunye nezixhobo zokuhlanganisa, ezibaluleke kakhulu kucwangciso lweprojekthi.
Enye inkcazo ebalulekileyo luhlobo lwe-cutterhead kunye nokucwangciswa kwayo. I-Cutterheads inokuxhotyiswa ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezixhobo zokusika, ezifana ne-disc cutters ye-rock eqinile okanye i-rippers yomhlaba othambileyo. Ukukhethwa kwezixhobo zokusika kufuneka kusekelwe kwiimeko zomhlaba kunye neprofayili efunwayo ye-tunnel. Ukongeza, unikezelo lwamandla omatshini kunye neenkqubo zehydraulic kufuneka zomelele ngokwaneleyo ukuxhasa umsebenzi oqhubekayo phantsi kwemithwalo eyahlukeneyo.
Yakha umgangatho kunye nokuqina
Umgangatho wokwakha kunye nokuqina kwe-TBM kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukusebenza okuthembekileyo kunye nokunciphisa ixesha lokuphumla. Izinto ezisemgangathweni ophezulu, ezifana nentsimbi eqinile ye-cutterhead kunye ne-alloys engaguqukiyo yokugqoka izixhobo zokusika, zandisa ubomi bomatshini kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zokugcina. Ubume besakhiwo somatshini kufuneka bumelane noxinzelelo lwe-tunneling, kubandakanywa uxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye neemeko zomhlaba ezixubileyo.
Ukomelela kukwaphenjelelwa kumgangatho wamacandelo omatshini, anjengeebheringi, izitywina, kunye nenkqubo yokutsala amanzi. Ukugcinwa rhoqo kunye nokutshintshwa kwangethuba kwamalungu agugileyo kubalulekile ekugcineni ukusebenza komatshini. Abavelisi bahlala bebonelela ngeewaranti kunye nezivumelwano zenkonzo ukuxhasa ukusebenza kwexesha elide kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba umatshini uhlala ukwimeko efanelekileyo.
Imigangatho yoKhuseleko kunye neziQinisekiso
Ukhuseleko yeyona nto ixhalabisayo kwimisebenzi ye-TBM. Umatshini kufuneka ahambelane nemigangatho yokhuseleko efanelekileyo kunye neziqinisekiso, ezifana nezo zibekwe yi-International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) kunye nabasemagunyeni bokhuseleko belizwe. Iimpawu eziphambili zokhuseleko ziquka iinkqubo zokumisa ngokukhawuleza, iivalve zokunciphisa uxinzelelo, kunye neenkqubo zokucima umlilo. Ezi mpawu zikhusela abaqhubi kunye nezixhobo kwimeko yeziganeko ezingalindelekanga.
Izatifikethi ziqinisekisa ukuba umatshini uvavanyiwe kwaye udibana neendlela ezithile zokhuseleko kunye nokusebenza. Umzekelo, isiqinisekiso se-ISO 9001 sibonisa ukuba umenzi ulandela iindlela ezingqongqo zolawulo lomgangatho. Ukongezelela, oomatshini kufuneka baxhotyiswe ngeenkqubo zokubeka iliso ezikhuselekileyo ezibonelela ngedatha yexesha langempela kwiiparamitha ezibalulekileyo, ezifana noxinzelelo, ukushisa, kunye nokulungelelaniswa komatshini, ukukhusela izingozi kunye nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo.
IiNdlela zekamva kwiTekhnoloji ye-TBM
I-Automation kunye ne-AI Integration
Ukudityaniswa kwe-automation kunye ne-artificial intelligence (AI) iguqula ishishini le-TBM. Ii-TBM ezizenzekelayo ezixhotyiswe ngeenkqubo ze-AI zinokunyusa ukusebenza kwetonela ngokuhlalutya idatha ngexesha langempela kunye nokwenza uhlengahlengiso kwiiparamitha zoomatshini. Ii-algorithms ze-AI zinokuqikelela imiba enokwenzeka, njengokungazinzi komhlaba okanye ukunxitywa kwezixhobo, ukuvumela ukugcinwa okusebenzayo kunye nokunciphisa ixesha lokuphumla. Ezi nkqubela ziphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokhuseleko lweeprojekthi zetonela.
Uyilo oluzinzileyo kunye ne-eco-friendly
Njengoko iinkxalabo zokusingqongileyo zisiya zigqama ngakumbi, abavelisi be-TBM bagxile kuyilo oluzinzileyo nolulungele indalo. Izinto ezintsha zibandakanya iimotor ezonga amandla, ukukhutshwa okuncitshisiweyo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe. Ukongeza, ezinye ii-TBM ziyilelwe ukunciphisa impembelelo kokusingqongileyo ngokunciphisa ingxolo kunye nokungcangcazela. Ezi mpawu azihambelani kuphela nemimiselo yokusingqongileyo kodwa ziphucula ukwamkelwa kweeprojekthi ze-tunneling ekuhlaleni.
Ubuchwephesha bokusika obuPhezulu
Inkqubela phambili kwitekhnoloji yokusika iphucula ukusebenza kunye nokuguquguquka kwee-TBM. Izixhobo ezitsha zokusika ezenziwe kwizinto eziphezulu eziphezulu, ezifana ne-polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) cutters, zinika ukuxhatshazwa okuphezulu kunye nokusika ukusebenza kakuhle. Ezi zixhobo zinokuphatha uluhlu olubanzi lweemeko zejoloji, ukusuka kumhlaba othambileyo ukuya kwilitye eliqinileyo, kunye nokunciphisa isidingo sokutshintsha izixhobo. Ukongeza, izinto ezintsha kuyilo lwe-cutterhead, olufana nohlengahlengiso lwejometri, luvumela ii-TBM ukuba ziqhelane neemeko ezahlukeneyo zomhlaba kubhabho.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuhambelana noPhuculo lwexesha elizayo
Uyilo lweeModyuli
Uyilo lwemodyuli luya lubaluleke ngakumbi kwimveliso ye-TBM. Imodyuli ye-TBM inokuphuculwa ngokulula okanye ihlengahlengiswe ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zeprojekthi eziguqukayo. Ngokomzekelo, ii-cutterheads zinokutshintshwa kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zezixhobo zokusika, kwaye iimodyuli ezongezelelweyo zingongezwa ukuphucula amandla omatshini. Oku bhetyebhetye kwandisa ubomi bomatshini kwaye kuvumela ukuba usetyenziswe kwiiprojekthi ezahlukeneyo zetonela.
Uphuculo lweSoftware
Uphuculo lwesoftware ludlala indima ebalulekileyo ekugcineni ukusebenza kweeTBM zale mihla. Abavelisi baphuhlisa amaqonga esoftware aphambili avumela ukubekwa esweni okude, ukuxilongwa, kunye nohlaziyo. Ezi qonga zivumela abaqhubi ukuba bafumane idatha yexesha langempela, benze iingxaki, kwaye basebenzise izincedisi zesoftware ngaphandle kwesidingo sokungenelela ngokomzimba. Uhlaziyo lwesoftware rhoqo luqinisekisa ukuba umatshini uhlala kwinqanaba letekhnoloji kwaye unokuzuza kwinkqubela phambili yamva nje kwi-automation kunye ne-AI.
Ukudityaniswa neBIM kunye ne-IoT
Ukudityaniswa kweModeli yoLwazi loKwakha (BIM) kunye ne-Intanethi yeZinto (IoT) iguqula imisebenzi ye-TBM. I-BIM ivumela ukucwangciswa okucacileyo kunye nokubonwa kweeprojekthi ze-tunneling, ngelixa izixhobo ze-IoT zibonelela ngedatha yexesha langempela ekusebenzeni komatshini kunye neemeko zomhlaba. Oku kudityaniswa kuvumela ukwenziwa kwezigqibo ezingcono, ulungelelwaniso oluphuculweyo phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba beprojekthi, kunye nokuphucula impumelelo kwimisebenzi yokuhambisa itonela. Njengoko obu bugcisa buqhubeka nokuvela, ii-TBM ziya kuqhagamshelwa ngakumbi kwaye zibe nobukrelekrele, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiiprojekthi ezikhuselekileyo nezisebenza ngokufanelekileyo.
Iingcinga Final
Ukukhetha umatshini ofanelekileyo we-TBM kubandakanya ukuqwalaselwa ngononophelo kwezinto ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya uhlobo lomatshini, ukusebenza, iinkcukacha zobugcisa, umgangatho wokwakha, imigangatho yokhuseleko, kunye nokuphuculwa kwekamva. Ngokuphonononga ngokucokisekileyo le miba, abaphathi beprojekthi banokuqinisekisa ukuba bakhetha umatshini ohlangabezana neemfuno zabo ezithile kwaye unikezela ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kuyo yonke iprojekthi yetonela. Njengoko ubuchwephesha buqhubela phambili, ii-TBM ziya kusebenza nangakumbi, zigcineke, kwaye zikwazi ukuziqhelanisa neemeko, zihlahlel indlela yeeprojekthi zokuyila iitonela eziyimpumelelo.
