Eminyakeni embalwa nje edlule, umqondo wokuzihambela kwemikhumbi osebenza ngaphandle kwabasebenzi wawuyiphupho nje. Kodwa-ke, lawa maphupho aba ngokoqobo entwasahlobo ka-2022 ngokusebenza kwe Yara Birkeland, umkhumbi wokuqala emhlabeni wonke osebenza ngogesi futhi ozimelayo, osebenza ngaphandle kwabasebenzi emkhunjini ngemisebenzi ethile.
Ngakho-ke, iyini ngempela imikhumbi ezimele, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS)? Futhi kungaba yini imiphumela yesicelo sabo ekuthuthweni kwempahla kwamanye amazwe? Ngemuva kwakho konke, ukuhweba okuningi komhlaba wonke - empeleni, cishe 80% kwakho- kwenzeka phezu kolwandle. Qhubeka nokufunda ukuze uthole izimpendulo njengoba sihlola umbono wesikhathi esifushane nowesikhathi eside wokuthunyelwa kwemikhumbi okuzenzakalelayo!
Okuqukethwe
1. Uyini umkhumbi ozimele?
2. Intuthuko yesikhashana ekuthuthweni kwemikhumbi okuzimele
3. Izibikezelo zesikhathi eside zokuthunyelwa kwemikhumbi okuzenzakalelayo
4. Imikhumbi ezimele izokwenza lula ukuthunyelwa kwempahla yasolwandle
Uyini umkhumbi ozimele?
Umkhumbi ozimelayo, njengoba negama libonisa, umkhumbi ozishayelayo okwazi ukuzishayela futhi uzihambela wodwa ngaphandle kwesidingo sokusebenza komuntu okuqondile. Esikhundleni sokuba nabasebenzi esikebheni, le mikhumbi isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe obufana nobuhlakani bokwenziwa (AI), izinzwa ezisezingeni eliphezulu, kanye nama-algorithms okuqapha.
Le mikhumbi ezimele iyasebenza futhi yenza izinqumo ezibalulekile, okuhlanganisa ukuqondisa, ukusheshisa noma ukunciphisa isivinini, nokugwema ukungqubuzana neminye imikhumbi noma izithiyo. Izinga lokuzimela lingahluka, futhi ngokuvamile kunamazinga amathathu:
- Ilawulwa kude: Lolu hlobo lomkhumbi oluzimele lusetshenziswa endaweni ehlukile, kufana nokushayela indiza eyi-drone ngesilawuli kude. Kodwa-ke, amalungu ezisebenzi ezingabantu ahlala ebhodini ukuze enze imisebenzi ehlukahlukene futhi angenele uma kunesidingo.
- Ukuzimela kancane: Lolu hlobo lomkhumbi oluzimele lunezinqubo ezizenzakalelayo nokusekelwa kwezinqumo. Bangase bakwazi ukuqondisa nokuhamba ngesivinini esingaguquki, kodwa bangase badinge umuntu ozolawula ukuzulazula ezindaweni ezimatasa, isibonelo.
- Ukuzimela ngokugcwele: Umkhumbi ozimela ngokugcwele usebenza ngokuphelele amasistimu obuhlakani bokwenziwa kanye nemishini yangaphakathi ngaphandle kokungenelela komuntu nhlobo. Kungathi umkhumbi uwukapteni wawo.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwesikhashana ekuthumeni okuzimele
Intuthuko esheshayo ezinhlelweni zokuzulazula ezizenzakalelayo, i-AI nokufunda ngomshini, kanye nokuxhumana ngesathelayithi enesivinini esikhulu kwenze ngempela ukuvela kwemikhumbi yasolwandle ezimele. Kodwa-ke, lobu buchwepheshe abukafinyeleli ekuvuthweni okudingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe emikhunjini yezimpahla emikhulu phakathi kwemikhumbi yamazwe ngamazwe kanye nempahla.
Okulandelayo ezinye zentuthuko yesikhathi esiseduze esingase siyibone ekuthuthweni kwemikhumbi okuzenzakalelayo eminyakeni emi-3-5 ezayo ngaphambi kokuthi sibone imikhumbi emikhulu yezimpahla ithutha impahla ngokuzimela iyowela ulwandle:
Isilawuli kude kuzoba yisinyathelo sokuqala
Uma kubhekwa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe obuzimele busesezigabeni zokuhlolwa kanye nezindleko eziphezulu ezihambisana nokuhlanganisa lobo buchwepheshe nengqalasizinda yasolwandle ekhona, ukushintshela ekuthuthweni kwempahla okuzenzakalelayo kungase kube inqubo ehamba kancane. Izinkampani ezisembonini yemikhumbi kulindeleke ukuthi ziqale zamukele imikhumbi elawulwa kude.
Imodi yokusebenza eyingxube yemikhumbi elawulwa kude ihlanganisa ukusebenza kahle kokuzenzakalela nokuvumelana nezimo nokuphepha kokuba nabantu emkhunjini. Lolu shintsho oluhamba kancane kancane, ngaphandle kokuthi lusebenza ngokwezomnotho, luzokwenza lula ukuhlolwa komhlaba wangempela kwezinhlelo zokuzulazula ezizimele, izinzwa, nesofthiwe, okuzogcina kuholele ekuzilawuleni okukhulu.
Amaphrojekthi amaningi wokuhlola nokuhlola
Njengoba ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke beqaphela izinzuzo zobuchwepheshe bemikhumbi yokuzimela, batshala imali eningi ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni ukuze kuhlaliswe imikhumbi ezimele emanzini omhlaba.
Isibonelo, uhulumeni waseShayina usanda kusungula indawo yokuhlola yokuzimela yemikhumbi engu-300-square-mile e-Guangdong. Lesi sinyathelo asimangazi, uma kubhekwa iChina iphethe cishe i-96% wamalungelo obunikazi abhalisiwe ahlobene nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bemikhumbi ezizimele.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkampani eziholayo zezobuchwepheshe nezesofthiwe zizoqhubeka nokusebenzisana kwazo nabakhiqizi bemikhumbi nabakhiqizi benjini ukuze benze izivivinyo zokuthutha ezizimele. “Zhi Feyi,” okuhunyushwa kwelithi “Flying Wisdom,” kuwumsebenzi oyisibonelo ekuthuthukeleni kweChina ekuthutheleleni olwandle okuzimele.
Lo mkhumbi weziqukathi ozilawulayo, ongamamitha angu-120 ubude futhi usebenzisa uhlelo lokuphehla ugesi, unamandla angama-300 Amayunithi Alinganayo Amamitha Angamashumi Amabili (Ama-TEU) futhi iyakwazi ukuthutha amabhokisi ezimpahla phakathi kwamachweba ngasogwini lwaseShayina.
Ukuthuthukisa kanye nokubuyekeza uhlaka lokulawula
Uhlaka lwamanje lokulawula luletha izinselele ezinkulu ekukhuleni nasekuvunyweni kwemikhumbi ezimele. Imithethonqubo ekhona kanye nemihlahlandlela yakhelwe eduze mayelana nokusebenza komuntu.
Isibonelo, i Ikhodi ye-STCW A, Isigaba VIII/2, isigaba 8.4, sigcizelela ukuthi izikhulu eziphethe iwashi “ziyogcina iwashi elifanele, zisebenzisa zonke izinsiza ezitholakalayo ngendlela ephumelela kakhulu.” Lokhu kusho ukuba khona kanye nemisebenzi yonogada abangabantu kanye nezikhulu ezigibele.
I-International Maritime Organisation (IMO) iyazivuma lezi zinselele zokulawula. Ngesikhathi seseshini yayo yesi-103 ngoMeyi 2021, iKomidi Lezokuphepha Zasolwandle (i-MSC), ikomiti elibalulekile ngaphakathi kwe-IMO, lenze uphenyo olunzulu. umsebenzi wokulawula isikophu eqondise imikhumbi yasolwandle i-autonomous surface (MASS).
I-MSC izibophezele ekuqhubekiseni phambili ukuthuthukiswa kwethuluzi elisekelwe kumgomo okuhloswe ngalo ukulawula ukusebenza kwe-MASS. Ohulumeni kazwelonke nabo babambe iqhaza elikhulu ekulolongeni indawo yokulawula ukuze bahlanganise ngokuphephile imikhumbi ezimele embonini yabo yasolwandle. Isibonelo, i-European Commission ithuthukise inguqulo yokuqala ye Izinkombandlela Zokusebenza ze-EU ekuvivinyweni kwe-MASS.
Ukuthuthukisa ingqalasizinda yasolwandle ekhona
Ingqalasizinda yamanje yasolwandle yakhiwe futhi yashintshwa eminyakeni edlule, uma kungengamakhulu eminyaka, ukuze ikwazi ukufaka imikhumbi enabantu. Amachweba nezinsiza zawo zakhelwe ukulindela ukusebenzisana kwabantu nokwengamela. Isibonelo, amachweba amaningi athembele kubashayeli bezindiza abangabantu kanye nezikebhe ezidonsayo ukuze zisize imikhumbi yezimpahla ekumiseni.
Ngokuhambisana nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obuzimele, iminyaka ezayo kulindeleke ukuthi ihehe ukutshalwa kwezimali ekuthuthukisweni kwengqalasizinda yamachweba. Amatheminali kulindeleke ukuthi enziwe esimanjemanje ukuze akwazi ukuxhumana ngqo nezinhlelo zemikhumbi yezimpahla, kube lula ukudidiyelwa kwezinqubo zokulayisha nokuthulula ngokuzenzakalelayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) izosebenzisa i-algorithms ethuthukisiwe kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa ukuze kuqondiswe ukuhlelwa komzila kanye nokuphathwa kwethrafikhi yayo yomibili imikhumbi ezimele kanye nabasebenzi. Lokhu kuzovumela ukubikezela okunembile kokunyakaza komkhumbi okuzenzakalelayo okusekelwe endaweni yamanje, isivinini, kanye nedatha yesihloko.
Njengoba imikhumbi ethwala impahla ezimele incike kakhulu kubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisiwe bokuzulazula, ukuxhumana, nokulawula uhlelo, isengozini yokusongelwa nge-inthanethi. Njengempendulo yalokhu, i-cybersecurity yasolwandle izothuthukiswa ngezimiso eziqinile zokubethela eziklanyelwe ukuvikela idatha ekuthuthweni kukho kokubili ukuphazamisa nokufinyelela okungagunyaziwe.
Izibikezelo zesikhathi eside zokuthunyelwa ngokuzenzakalelayo
Sihlole ububanzi yentuthuko yesikhathi esifushane esizayo kuze kube manje, okulindeleke ukuthi yenze ukuthunyelwa okusabalele kwemikhumbi yezimpahla ezizimele kwenzeke kule minyaka eyishumi ezayo. Ngokombiko wokuhlaziya imakethe ka Ubunhloli beMordor, usayizi wemakethe wemikhumbi ezimele kulindeleke ukuthi ufinyelele ku-USD 11.93 billion ngo-2029.
Okulandelayo ezinye izibikezelo zesikhathi eside zokuthunyelwa kwemikhumbi okuzimele kanye nemithelela lokhu okungase kube nayo ekuthuthweni kwempahla kanye nokuhanjiswa:
Imikhumbi yomhlaba wonke izozibusa ngokugcwele
Njengoba imisebenzi yemikhumbi engaphandle kwendawo iba nokwenzeka ngokuya ngemikhumbi elawulwa kude eminyakeni embalwa ezayo, abalawuli nezinkampani zemikhumbi kulindeleke ukuthi zithole ukuzethemba kubuchwepheshe obuzimele. Ukushintsha okunjalo kuzoholela imboni yemikhumbi ukuthi yamukele imikhumbi ezimele kancane kancane kancane.
Ngokuthuthuka nokuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe be-sensor fusion kanye nokuxhumana okuthuthukisiwe ngesathelayithi, kulinganiselwa ukuthi phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amabili ezayo, imikhumbi ezimele ngokugcwele izothatha indawo yemikhumbi evamile, okwenza umkhumbi wamazwe ngamazwe uqhutshwa kakhulu yi-AI.
Lolu shintsho luzoholela ekwehleni okukhulu kwesidingo semisebenzi yasolwandle evamile, njengabaphathi bemikhumbi, amadekhandi, nabasebenzi abalungisa izinto, njengoba izisebenzi zishintsha ukusuka emisebenzini yabagibeli ukuya emisebenzini ezisekelwe ogwini.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukukhuphuka kokusebenza okuzimele kuzoqhuba isidingo sezindima ezintsha ezidinga ochwepheshe bezimoto ezizimele kanye nobuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu ukuphatha, ukunakekela, kanye nokuxazulula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi ezihilelekile ekuthumeni okuzimele.
Ukwehliswa okukhulu kwezindleko zokusebenza zasolwandle
Embonini yemikhumbi ezimele ngokugcwele, imikhumbi ethwala impahla izohlonyiswa ngamasu amasha okuqhuba kanye namandla. Amasistimu anjalo azoncika emandleni angasebenziseka kalula futhi avuseleleke, okusiza ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni yasolwandle kuze kucishe kube yiqanda. Ngasikhathi sinye, amasistimu okulungisa anikwe amandla yi-AI azokwazi ukuhlaziya idatha evela kuzinzwa ngesikhathi sangempela.
Lawa ma-algorithms azimele angabikezela ukuthi amasistimu angase ahluleke nini noma anqume ukuthi izingxenye zingadinga ukushintshwa nini - konke ngaphandle kwamalungu eqembu ebhodini. Ngenxa yale ntuthuko, izinkampani zemikhumbi zibone izindleko zazo zizonke zehla ngo- cishe 20%.
Ngisho nasemikhunjini ezimelayo eqhutshwa uphethiloli, amasistimu okuzulazula angahlelwa ukuthi asebenze njalo ngesivinini esiphezulu, okuholela ekumosheni uphethiloli okuncane. Ukwengeza, imikhumbi ezimele ingathuthukisa imizila ngokusekelwe esimweni sezulu, izimo zolwandle, nezinye izici, ilungise ngokuqhubekayo yomibili imizila ehleliwe nezivinini ukuze kusebenze kahle kakhulu uphethiloli.
Ocwaningweni oluhlola izinzuzo zokusebenza nezomnotho zokuthuthwa kwemikhumbi okuzimele, kulinganiselwa ukuthi, ngomkhumbi ngamunye ozilawulayo, ukonga ezindlekweni zikaphethiloli kanye nezindleko zezisebenzi zingafinyelela ku- USD 4.3 wezigidi ngaphezu komjikelezo wayo wempilo weminyaka engama-25.
Ukuphepha olwandle okuthuthukisiwe kanye namaphutha abantu ancishisiwe
Iphutha lomuntu kukholakala ukuthi liyingxenye cishe 80% kuya 90% yezingozi zasolwandle. Amalungu eqembu, phela, asengozini yezinto eziningi, njengokukhathala nokusebenza ngokweqile, ukwenza izinqumo ezimbi, kanye nokungakhulumisani.
Ngokuphambene, imikhumbi ezimele ifakwe izinhlelo ezithuthukisiwe zokuqwashisa ngezinzwa nezimo ezivumela ukutholwa okunembile kwezinto eziseduze, ugu, neminye imikhumbi. Ama-algorithms e-AI anganquma izindlela eziphephe kakhulu nezisebenza kahle kakhulu zokuzulazula, okuvumela ukulungiswa okuzenzakalelayo kwendlela yomkhumbi ukuze kugwenywe noma yiziphi izingozi ezitholiwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhumbi ezimele isebenzisa amasistimu azenzakalelayo ukuphatha ukuhamba, ukuqondisa, neminye imisebenzi ebalulekile. Amasistimu anjalo asebenza ngokunemba nokungaguquguquki, okunciphisa amathuba ephutha lomuntu kuzilawuli ezenziwa ngesandla, okuhlanganisa ukulungiswa kwesivinini okunganembile noma ukuqondisa kokuzulazula. Eminyakeni engama-20 ezayo, imboni yezasolwandle ingafinyelela eqophelweni lapho ukungqubuzana kanye nezigameko zokumisa phansi zicishe ziqedwe.
Imiklamo emisha yomkhumbi engakhawulelwe yizidingo zabasebenzi
Ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuhlalisa abasebenzi emikhunjini ezimele, izindawo ngokwesiko ezibekelwe izindawo zokuhlala, izindawo zasekhishini, kanye nezinye izingqalasizinda ezisekela ukuphila zingahlelwa kabusha ukuze kwandiswe umthamo wempahla noma kuthuthukiswe ukwakheka kwezinto zokusebenza ukuze kusebenze kangcono.
Lokhu kungaholela kumiklamo yesikhathi esizayo ethambile futhi elula, enciphisa ukudonsa nokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli. Isibonelo, abathwali bempahla bangakwazi ukucwiliswa emanzini ngokuphelele futhi bahambe ngokuphelele ngaphansi kwamanzi, basebenzise izimo ezinzile futhi bagweme izingozi ezisezingeni eliphezulu.
Kungenjalo, imikhumbi ethwala impahla ingaklanywa ukuthi iguqule futhi ivumelane nesakhiwo sayo ngokusabela ezidingweni zempahla. Isibonelo, idizayini ehlukene ingenza izingxenye zomkhumbi zikwazi ukuxhuma futhi zibambe ngokuzimela, zithuthukise ukusetshenziswa kwendawo futhi zithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwezinqubo zokulayisha nokuthulula.
Imikhumbi ezimele izokwenza lula ukuthunyelwa kwempahla yasolwandle
Imikhumbi ezimele imiselwe ukuthi iguquke ukuthuthwa kwempahla olwandle kanye nohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ngalezi ntuthuko, singalindela izikhathi ezimfushane zokuhamba, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli, nokwehla okukhulu kwezingozi zamaphutha omuntu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhumbi ezimele ingakwazi ukufinyelela ezindaweni eziyingozi kakhulu noma ezonga kakhulu emikhunjini evamile, eqhutshwa abantu. Isibonelo, imikhumbi ezimele yezinga leqhwa ingazulazula emizileni yase-Arctic ngokuvamile engafinyeleleki cishe unyaka wonke, ivula izindlela ezintsha zokuhweba.
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